maven-dependency-management

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# Maven Dependency Management

Master Maven dependency management including dependency declaration, scope management, version resolution, BOMs, and dependency tree optimization.

## Overview

Maven's dependency management is a cornerstone of Java project build systems. It handles transitive dependencies, version conflicts, and provides mechanisms for controlling dependency resolution across multi-module projects.

## Dependency Declaration

### Basic Dependency

```xml
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    <version>3.2.0</version>
</dependency>
```

### Dependency with Scope

```xml
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
    <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
    <version>5.10.1</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
```

### Optional Dependencies

```xml
<dependency>
    <groupId>com.google.code.findbugs</groupId>
    <artifactId>jsr305</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.2</version>
    <optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
```

## Dependency Scopes

### Available Scopes

| Scope | Compile CP | Test CP | Runtime CP | Transitive |
|-------|-----------|---------|------------|------------|
| compile | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| provided | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| runtime | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| test | No | Yes | No | No |
| system | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| import | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |

### Scope Examples

```xml
<!-- Compile scope (default) - available everywhere -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
    <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId>
    <version>3.14.0</version>
</dependency>

<!-- Provided - available at compile, not packaged -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>jakarta.servlet</groupId>
    <artifactId>jakarta.servlet-api</artifactId>
    <version>6.0.0</version>
    <scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>

<!-- Runtime - only needed at runtime -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
    <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
    <version>42.7.1</version>
    <scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>

<!-- Test - only for testing -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
    <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
    <version>5.8.0</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
```

## Version Management

### Property-Based Versions

```xml
<properties>
    <spring-boot.version>3.2.0</spring-boot.version>
    <junit.version>5.10.1</junit.version>
    <jackson.version>2.16.0</jackson.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        <version>${spring-boot.version}</version>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>
```

### Version Ranges

```xml
<!-- Exact version -->
<version>1.0.0</version>

<!-- Greater than or equal -->
<version>[1.0.0,)</version>

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