database-expert

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# Database Expert

Comprehensive guide for database design, optimization, and administration.

## Database Selection

| Database       | Type       | Best For                            |
| -------------- | ---------- | ----------------------------------- |
| **PostgreSQL** | Relational | Complex queries, ACID, JSON support |
| **MongoDB**    | Document   | Flexible schemas, rapid iteration   |
| **Redis**      | Key-Value  | Caching, sessions, real-time        |
| **SQLite**     | Embedded   | Mobile, desktop, testing            |

---

## PostgreSQL

### Schema Design

```sql
-- Users table with proper constraints
CREATE TABLE users (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    password_hash VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    full_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    status VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'active'
        CHECK (status IN ('active', 'inactive', 'suspended')),
    created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- Index for common queries
CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);
CREATE INDEX idx_users_status ON users(status) WHERE status = 'active';

-- Automatic updated_at trigger
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_updated_at_column()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
BEGIN
    NEW.updated_at = NOW();
    RETURN NEW;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE TRIGGER update_users_updated_at
    BEFORE UPDATE ON users
    FOR EACH ROW
    EXECUTE FUNCTION update_updated_at_column();

-- Posts with full-text search
CREATE TABLE posts (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    author_id UUID NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    content TEXT NOT NULL,
    tags TEXT[] DEFAULT '{}',
    search_vector TSVECTOR,
    published_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
    created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- Full-text search index
CREATE INDEX idx_posts_search ON posts USING GIN(search_vector);
```

### Query Optimization

```sql
-- EXPLAIN ANALYZE for query analysis
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS, FORMAT TEXT)
SELECT u.full_name, COUNT(p.id) as post_count
FROM users u
LEFT JOIN posts p ON p.author_id = u.id
WHERE u.status = 'active'
GROUP BY u.id
ORDER BY post_count DESC
LIMIT 10;

-- Partial index for filtered queries
CREATE INDEX idx_posts_published
ON posts(published_at)
WHERE published_at IS NOT NULL;

-- Covering index (index-only scan)
CREATE INDEX idx_posts_author_title
ON posts(author_id)
INCLUDE (title, published_at);

-- Expression index
CREATE INDEX idx_users_email_lower
ON users(LOWER(email));
```

### Advanced Features

```sql
-- Common Table Expression (CTE)
WITH active_authors AS (
    SELECT DISTINCT author_id
    FROM posts
    WHERE published_at > NOW() - INTERVAL '30 days'
),
author_stats AS (
    SELECT
        u.id,
        u.full_name,
        COUNT(p.id) as total_posts
    FROM users u
    JOIN active_authors aa ON aa.author_id = u.id
    LEFT JOIN posts p ON p.author_id = u.id
    GROUP BY u.id
)
SELECT * FROM author_stats
ORDER BY total_posts DESC;

-- Window functions
SELECT
    id,

From travisjneuman/.claude, MIT.

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