wcag-accessibility

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• SKILL.md

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# WCAG Accessibility (EN 301 549 / European Standard)

## The Standard

The **European Accessibility Act (EAA)** requires digital products and services in the EU to meet **EN 301 549**, which references **WCAG 2.2 Level AA** as the technical baseline. This is not optional — it is a legal requirement for products operating in the EU market.

**Default: always build to WCAG 2.2 AA.** Deviating requires explicit, documented justification. Do not skip accessibility requirements because of timeline pressure or design preference.

WCAG 2.2 AA organises requirements under four principles: **Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust**.

---

## Perceivable

Users must be able to perceive all content and UI components.

### Colour Contrast
| Context | Minimum ratio | Enhanced (AAA) |
|---|---|---|
| Normal text (< 18pt / < 14pt bold) | **4.5 : 1** | 7 : 1 |
| Large text (≥ 18pt / ≥ 14pt bold) | **3 : 1** | 4.5 : 1 |
| UI components and graphical objects | **3 : 1** | — |

> **Check contrast on the real rendered page, not the spec (dembrandt engine, optional).** Design-time swatches lie once real text lands on real backgrounds, gradients, and overlays. `get_findings` / `render_report` run against the live DOM and surface the actual failing text/background pairs with their measured ratios — a fast way to catch the combinations a static palette review misses. See [`extract-design`](../extract-design/SKILL.md).

**Disabled elements are exempt.** WCAG explicitly excludes inactive UI components from contrast requirements (WCAG 1.4.3 exception). A disabled button may use low-contrast text — this is intentional and correct, as it communicates the unavailable state.

Do not use colour as the only means of conveying information (e.g. a red border alone to indicate an error — add an icon or text label).

**Weight is part of legibility, and the ratio cannot see it.** The contrast formula measures ink colour against background colour and nothing else. It scores a hairline and a heavy weight identically at the same hue, while perceived legibility is the product of both. So the palette's faintest legible colour and the type scale's lightest weight must not land on the same text: a muted or secondary token, the one carrying captions, labels and helper text, takes a weight of at least 500 wherever the body default reads as regular or light. *That floor is a house rule, not a WCAG requirement.* The standard has nothing to say about weight, which is exactly why the failure gets through the audit. The same physics on dark surfaces is in [[color-mode-and-theme]]. A muted colour is already the palette's least assertive choice, and pairing it with the lightest weight compounds two decisions that both mean *recede*. The result at caption sizes is text a reader has to work at consciously, while the audit reports a pass.

### Text Alternatives
- Every meaningful image needs `alt` text describing its content or function
- Decorative images use `alt=""` so screen readers skip them
- Icons used as buttons need an accessible label: `aria-label` or visually hidden text
- Charts and data visualisations need a text summary or data table alternative

### Captions and Transcripts
- Video content needs captions
- Audio-only content needs a transcript

---

## Operable

Users must be able to operate all UI components.

### Keyboard Navigation
All interactive elements must be reachable and operable by keyboard alone.

- Every button, link, input, and control must receive focus via Tab
- Focus order must follow the visual reading order of the page
- No keyboard traps — users must be able to navigate away from any component
- Modal dialogs must trap focus inside while open, and return focus to the trigger element on close

### Focus Visibility
A visible focus indicator is required on every interactive element (WCAG 2.2 strengthens focus visibility requirements).

```css
/* Minimum: do not remove focus outline without a replacement */
:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--color-focus);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}
```

Never use `outline: none` without providing a custom focus style. The focus ring is not a design problem to eliminate — it is a navigation tool.

### Touch Target Size
Interactive elements on touch devices must be at least **24×24px** (WCAG 2.2) — **44×44px** is the recommended comfortable minimum (Apple HIG, Material Design). Small icon buttons need padding to reach this size even if the visual icon is smaller.

### No Seizure Triggers
Nothing on screen should flash more than 3 times per second.

### Skip Links
Pages with repeated navigation must provide a "Skip to main content" link as the first focusable element, so keyboard users can bypass navigation on every page.

---

## Understandable

Users must be able to understand the content and how the UI works.

### Language
- Set `lang` attribute on the `<html>` element: `<html lang="fi">` or `<html lang="en">`
- Mark inline content in a different language with `lang` on that element

### Labels and Instructions
- Every form input must have a visible label — not just a placeholder (placeholders disappear on input)
- Required fields must be indicated — do not rely on colour alone; add an asterisk and a legend
- Error messages must be associated with their input via `aria-describedby`

### Predictability
- Components that look the same must behave the same (see Consistency and Standards)
- Navigation must appear in the same location across pages
- Opening a new tab or window must be communicated in advance

### Error Identification
- Form validation errors must identify which field failed
- Errors must be described in text — not only by colour or icon

---

## Robust

Content must be interpreted reliably by assistive technologies.

### Semantic HTML
Use the correct HTML element for the job. Semantics convey role, state, and structure to screen readers for free.

```html
<!-- Correct -->
<button>Save</button>
<nav aria-label="Main navigation">...</nav>
<h1>Page title</h1>

<!-- Wrong — requires manual ARIA to replicate what the element provides natively -->
<div onclick="save()">Save</div>
<div class="nav">...</div>

From dembrandt/dembrandt-skills, MIT.

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